Weka performance tests

This page describes a series of tests for measuring performance after the installation of the Weka system. The same tests can be used to test the performance of any other storage solution.
About Weka performance tests
There are three main performance metrics when measuring a storage system performance:
1.Latency, which is the time from operation initiation to completion
2.The number of different IO operations (read/write/metadata) that the system can process concurrently
3.The bandwidth of data that the system can process concurrently
Each of these performance metrics applies to read operations, write operations, or a mixture of read and write operations.
‌When measuring the Weka system performance, different mount modes produce different performance characteristics. Additionally, client network configuration (using either user-space DPDK networking or kernel UDP) also significantly affects performance.
Note: All performance tests listed here are generic and not specific to the Weka system. They can be used to compare the Weka storage system to other storage systems or a local storage device.
Note: There is a difference between single client performance to aggregated performance. When running the tests listed below from one client, the client will limit the test's performance. In general, several clients will be required to maximize the performance of a Weka cluster.
The FIO tool
The FIO tool is a generic open-source storage performance testing tool that can be defined as described here. In this documentation, the usage of FIO version 3.20 is assumed.
All FIO testing is done using the client/server capabilities of FIO. This makes multiple client testing easier since FIO reports aggregated results for all clients under the test. Single client tests are run the same way to keep the results consistent.
Start the FIO server on every one of the clients:
fio --server --daemonize=/tmp/fio.pid
Run the test command from one of the clients, note, the clients need to be mounted to a Weka filesystem.
An example of launching a test (sometest) on all clients in a file (clients.txt) using the server/client model:
fio --client=clients.txt sometest.txt
An example for the clients' file, when running multiple clients:
clients.txt
weka-client-01
weka-client-02
weka-client-03
weka-client-04
weka-client-05
weka-client-06
weka-client-07
weka-client-08
An example of aggregated test results:
All clients: (groupid=0, jobs=16): err= 0: pid=0: Wed Jun  3 22:10:46 2020
  read: IOPS=30.1k, BW=29.4Gi (31.6G)(8822GiB/300044msec)
    slat (nsec): min=0, max=228000, avg=6308.42, stdev=4988.75
    clat (usec): min=1132, max=406048, avg=16982.89, stdev=27664.80
     lat (usec): min=1147, max=406051, avg=16989.20, stdev=27664.25
   bw (  MiB/s): min= 3576, max=123124, per=93.95%, avg=28284.95, stdev=42.13, samples=287520
   iops        : min= 3576, max=123124, avg=28284.82, stdev=42.13, samples=287520
  lat (msec)   : 2=6.64%, 4=56.55%, 10=8.14%, 20=4.42%, 50=13.81%
  lat (msec)   : 100=7.01%, 250=3.44%, 500=0.01%
  cpu          : usr=0.11%, sys=0.09%, ctx=9039177, majf=0, minf=8088
  IO depths    : 1=100.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=9033447,0,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
The single-client or aggregated tests deffer in the clients participating in the test, as defined in the clients.txt.
MDTest
MDTest is a generic open-source metadata performance testing tool. In this documentation, the usage of version 1.9.3 is assumed.
MDTest uses an MPI framework to coordinate the job across multiple nodes. The results presented here were generated using the MPICH version 3.3.2 and can be defined as described here. While it's possible to have variations with different MPI versions, most are based on the same ROMIO and will perform similarly.
Weka client performance tests
Overall, the tests contained on this page are designed to show off the sustainable peak performance of the filesystem. Care has been taken to make sure they are realistic and reproducible.
Where possible, the benchmarks try to negate the effects of caching. For file testing, o_direct calls are used to bypass the client's cache. In the case of metadata testing, each phase of testing uses different clients. Also, between each test, the Linux caches are flushed to ensure all data being accessed is not present in the cache. While applications will often take advantage of cached data and metadata, this testing focuses on the filesystem's ability to deliver data independent of caching on the client.
While we provide below the output of one iteration, we ran each test several times and provided the average results in the Result Summary.
Results summary
Single client results
Benchmark
​AWS​
​SuperMicro​
Read Throughput
8.9 GiB/s
21.4 GiB/s
Write Throughput
9.4 GiB/s
17.2 GiB/s
Read IOPS
393,333 ops/s
563,667 ops/s
Write IOPS
302,333 ops/s
378,667 ops/s
Read Latency
272 µs avg. 
99.5% completed under 459 µs
144.76 µs avg. 
99.5% completed under 260 µs
Write Latency
298 µs avg. 
99.5% completed under 432 µs
107.12 µs avg. 
99.5% completed under 142 µs
Aggregated cluster results (with multiple clients)
Benchmark
​AWS​
​SuperMicro​
Read Throughput
36.2 GiB/s
123 GiB/s
Write Throughput
11.6 GiB/s
37.6 GiB/s
Read IOPS
1,978,330 ops/s
4,346,330 ops/s
Write IOPS
404,670 ops/s
1,317,000 ops/s
Creates
79,599 ops/s
234,472 ops/s
Stats
1,930,721 ops/s
3,257,394 ops/s
Deletes
117,644 ops/s
361,755 ops/s
Note: If the client uses a 100 Gbps NIC or above, mounting the Weka filesystem with more than one core is required to maximize client throughput.
Test read throughput
This test measures the client throughput for large (1MB) reads. The job below tries to maximize the read throughput from a single client. The test utilizes multiple threads, each one performing 1 MB reads.
Job definition
read_throughput.txt
[global]
filesize=128G
time_based=1
numjobs=32
startdelay=5
exitall_on_error=1
create_serialize=0
filename_format=$jobnum/$filenum/bw.$jobnum.$filenum
directory=/mnt/weka/fio
group_reporting=1
clocksource=gettimeofday
runtime=300
ioengine=posixaio
disk_util=0
iodepth=1
​
[read_throughput]
bs=1m
rw=read
direct=1
new_group
Test output example
read_throughput: (groupid=0, jobs=32): err= 0: pid=70956: Wed Jul  8 13:27:48 2020
  read: IOPS=9167, BW=9167MiB/s (9613MB/s)(2686GiB/300004msec)
    slat (nsec): min=0, max=409000, avg=3882.55, stdev=3631.79
    clat (usec): min=999, max=14947, avg=3482.93, stdev=991.25
     lat (usec): min=1002, max=14949, avg=3486.81, stdev=991.16
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[ 1795],  5.00th=[ 2147], 10.00th=[ 2376], 20.00th=[ 2671],
     | 30.00th=[ 2900], 40.00th=[ 3130], 50.00th=[ 3359], 60.00th=[ 3589],
     | 70.00th=[ 3851], 80.00th=[ 4178], 90.00th=[ 4752], 95.00th=[ 5342],
     | 99.00th=[ 6521], 99.50th=[ 7046], 99.90th=[ 8160], 99.95th=[ 8717],
     | 99.99th=[ 9896]
   bw (  MiB/s): min= 7942, max=10412, per=100.00%, avg=9179.14, stdev=12.41, samples=19168
   iops        : min= 7942, max=10412, avg=9179.14, stdev=12.41, samples=19168
  lat (usec)   : 1000=0.01%
  lat (msec)   : 2=2.76%, 4=72.16%, 10=25.07%, 20=0.01%
  cpu          : usr=0.55%, sys=0.34%, ctx=2751410, majf=0, minf=490
  IO depths    : 1=100.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=2750270,0,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=1
In this test output example, results show a bandwidth of 8.95 GiB/s from a single client.
Test write throughput
This test measures the client throughput for large (1MB) writes. The job below tries to maximize the write throughput from a single client. The test utilizes multiple threads, each one performing 1MB writes.
Job definition
write_throughput.txt
[global]
filesize=128G
time_based=1
numjobs=32
startdelay=5
exitall_on_error=1
create_serialize=0
filename_format=$jobnum/$filenum/bw.$jobnum.$filenum
directory=/mnt/weka/fio
group_reporting=1
clocksource=gettimeofday
runtime=300
ioengine=posixaio
disk_util=0
iodepth=1
​
[write_throughput]
bs=1m
rw=write
direct=1
new_group
Test output example
write_throughput: (groupid=0, jobs=32): err= 0: pid=71903: Wed Jul  8 13:43:15 2020
  write: IOPS=7034, BW=7035MiB/s (7377MB/s)(2061GiB/300005msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (usec): min=12, max=261, avg=39.22, stdev=12.92
    clat (usec): min=2248, max=20882, avg=4505.62, stdev=1181.45
     lat (usec): min=2318, max=20951, avg=4544.84, stdev=1184.64
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[ 2769],  5.00th=[ 2999], 10.00th=[ 3163], 20.00th=[ 3458],
     | 30.00th=[ 3752], 40.00th=[ 4047], 50.00th=[ 4359], 60.00th=[ 4686],
     | 70.00th=[ 5014], 80.00th=[ 5407], 90.00th=[ 5997], 95.00th=[ 6587],
     | 99.00th=[ 8160], 99.50th=[ 8979], 99.90th=[10945], 99.95th=[12125],
     | 99.99th=[14746]
   bw (  MiB/s): min= 5908, max= 7858, per=100.00%, avg=7043.58, stdev= 9.37, samples=19168
   iops        : min= 5908, max= 7858, avg=7043.58, stdev= 9.37, samples=19168
  lat (msec)   : 4=38.87%, 10=60.90%, 20=0.22%, 50=0.01%
  cpu          : usr=1.34%, sys=0.15%, ctx=2114914, majf=0, minf=473
  IO depths    : 1=100.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=0,2110493,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=1
In this test output example, results show a bandwidth of 6.87 GiB/s.
Test read IOPS
This test measures the ability of the client to deliver concurrent 4KB reads. The job below tries to maximize the system read IOPS from a single client. The test utilizes multiple threads, each one performing 4KB reads.
Job definition
read_iops.txt
[global]
filesize=4G
time_based=1
numjobs=192
startdelay=5
exitall_on_error=1
create_serialize=0
filename_format=$jobnum/$filenum/iops.$jobnum.$filenum
directory=/mnt/weka/fio
group_reporting=1
clocksource=gettimeofday
runtime=300
ioengine=posixaio
disk_util=0
iodepth=1
​
[read_iops]
bs=4k
rw=randread
direct=1
new_group
Test output example
read_iops: (groupid=0, jobs=192): err= 0: pid=66528: Wed Jul  8 12:30:38 2020
  read: IOPS=390k, BW=1525MiB/s (1599MB/s)(447GiB/300002msec)
    slat (nsec): min=0, max=392000, avg=3512.56, stdev=2950.62
    clat (usec): min=213, max=15496, avg=486.61, stdev=80.30
     lat (usec): min=215, max=15505, avg=490.12, stdev=80.47
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[  338],  5.00th=[  375], 10.00th=[  400], 20.00th=[  424],
     | 30.00th=[  445], 40.00th=[  465], 50.00th=[  482], 60.00th=[  498],
     | 70.00th=[  519], 80.00th=[  545], 90.00th=[  586], 95.00th=[  619],
     | 99.00th=[  685], 99.50th=[  717], 99.90th=[  783], 99.95th=[  816],
     | 99.99th=[ 1106]
   bw (  MiB/s): min= 1458, max= 1641, per=100.00%, avg=1525.52, stdev= 0.16, samples=114816
   iops        : min=373471, max=420192, avg=390494.54, stdev=40.47, samples=114816
  lat (usec)   : 250=0.01%, 500=60.20%, 750=39.60%, 1000=0.19%
  lat (msec)   : 2=0.01%, 4=0.01%, 10=0.01%, 20=0.01%
  cpu          : usr=1.24%, sys=1.52%, ctx=117366459, majf=0, minf=3051
  IO depths    : 1=100.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=117088775,0,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=1
In this test output example, results show 390,494 IOPS from a single client.
Test write IOPS
This test measures the ability of the client to deliver concurrent 4KB writes. The job below tries to maximize the system write IOPS from a single client. The test utilizes multiple threads, each one performing 4KB writes.
Job definition
write_iops.txt
[global]
filesize=4G
time_based=1
numjobs=192
startdelay=5
exitall_on_error=1
create_serialize=0
filename_format=$jobnum/$filenum/iops.$jobnum.$filenum
directory=/mnt/weka/fio
group_reporting=1
clocksource=gettimeofday
runtime=300
ioengine=posixaio
disk_util=0
iodepth=1
​
[write_iops]
bs=4k
rw=randwrite
direct=1
new_group
Test output example
write_iops: (groupid=0, jobs=192): err= 0: pid=72163: Wed Jul  8 13:48:24 2020
  write: IOPS=288k, BW=1125MiB/s (1180MB/s)(330GiB/300003msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (nsec): min=0, max=2591.0k, avg=5030.10, stdev=4141.48
    clat (usec): min=219, max=17801, avg=659.20, stdev=213.57
     lat (usec): min=220, max=17803, avg=664.23, stdev=213.72
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[  396],  5.00th=[  441], 10.00th=[  474], 20.00th=[  515],
     | 30.00th=[  553], 40.00th=[  594], 50.00th=[  627], 60.00th=[  668],
     | 70.00th=[  701], 80.00th=[  750], 90.00th=[  840], 95.00th=[  971],
     | 99.00th=[ 1450], 99.50th=[ 1614], 99.90th=[ 2409], 99.95th=[ 3490],
     | 99.99th=[ 4359]
   bw (  MiB/s): min= 1056, max= 1224, per=100.00%, avg=1125.96, stdev= 0.16, samples=114816
   iops        : min=270390, max=313477, avg=288215.11, stdev=40.70, samples=114816
  lat (usec)   : 250=0.01%, 500=15.96%, 750=63.43%, 1000=16.05%
  lat (msec)   : 2=4.41%, 4=0.14%, 10=0.02%, 20=0.01%
  cpu          : usr=1.21%, sys=1.49%, ctx=86954124, majf=0, minf=3055
  IO depths    : 1=100.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=0,86398871,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=1
In this test output example, results show 288,215 IOPS from a single client.
Test read latency
This test measures the minimal achievable read latency under a light load. The test measures the latency over a single-threaded sequence of 4KB reads across multiple files. Each read is executed only after the previous read has been served.
Job definition
read_latency.txt
[global]
filesize=4G
time_based=1
startdelay=5
exitall_on_error=1
create_serialize=0
filename_format=$jobnum/$filenum/iops.$jobnum.$filenum
directory=/mnt/weka/fio
group_reporting=1
clocksource=gettimeofday
runtime=300
ioengine=posixaio
disk_util=0
iodepth=1
​
[read_latency]
numjobs=1
bs=4k
rw=randread
direct=1
new_group
Example of Test Output
read_latency: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=71741: Wed Jul  8 13:38:06 2020
  read: IOPS=4318, BW=16.9MiB/s (17.7MB/s)(5061MiB/300001msec)
    slat (nsec): min=0, max=53000, avg=1923.23, stdev=539.64
    clat (usec): min=160, max=1743, avg=229.09, stdev=44.80
     lat (usec): min=162, max=1746, avg=231.01, stdev=44.80
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[  174],  5.00th=[  180], 10.00th=[  182], 20.00th=[  188],
     | 30.00th=[  190], 40.00th=[  196], 50.00th=[  233], 60.00th=[  245],
     | 70.00th=[  255], 80.00th=[  269], 90.00th=[  289], 95.00th=[  318],
     | 99.00th=[  330], 99.50th=[  334], 99.90th=[  355], 99.95th=[  437],
     | 99.99th=[  529]
   bw (  KiB/s): min=16280, max=17672, per=100.00%, avg=17299.11, stdev=195.37, samples=599
   iops        : min= 4070, max= 4418, avg=4324.78, stdev=48.84, samples=599
  lat (usec)   : 250=66.18%, 500=33.80%, 750=0.02%, 1000=0.01%
  lat (msec)   : 2=0.01%
  cpu          : usr=0.95%, sys=1.44%, ctx=1295670, majf=0, minf=13
  IO depths    : 1=100.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=1295643,0,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=1
In this test output example, results show an average latency of 229 microseconds, where 99.5% of the writes terminated in 334 microseconds or less.
Test write latency
This test measures the minimal achievable write latency under a light load. The test measures the latency over a single-threaded sequence of 4KB writes across multiple files. Each write is executed only after the previous write has been served.
Job definition
write_latency.txt
[global]
filesize=4G
time_based=1
startdelay=5
exitall_on_error=1
create_serialize=0
filename_format=$jobnum/$filenum/iops.$jobnum.$filenum
directory=/mnt/weka/fio
group_reporting=1
clocksource=gettimeofday
runtime=300
ioengine=posixaio
disk_util=0
iodepth=1
​
[write_latency]
numjobs=1
bs=4k
rw=randwrite
direct=1
new_group
Test output example
write_latency: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=72709: Wed Jul  8 13:53:33 2020
  write: IOPS=4383, BW=17.1MiB/s (17.0MB/s)(5136MiB/300001msec); 0 zone resets
    slat (nsec): min=0, max=56000, avg=1382.96, stdev=653.78
    clat (usec): min=195, max=9765, avg=226.21, stdev=109.45
     lat (usec): min=197, max=9766, avg=227.59, stdev=109.46
    clat percentiles (usec):
     |  1.00th=[  208],  5.00th=[  212], 10.00th=[  215], 20.00th=[  217],
     | 30.00th=[  219], 40.00th=[  219], 50.00th=[  221], 60.00th=[  223],
     | 70.00th=[  225], 80.00th=[  229], 90.00th=[  233], 95.00th=[  243],
     | 99.00th=[  269], 99.50th=[  293], 99.90th=[  725], 99.95th=[ 2540],
     | 99.99th=[ 6063]
   bw (  KiB/s): min=16680, max=18000, per=100.00%, avg=17555.48, stdev=279.31, samples=599
   iops        : min= 4170, max= 4500, avg=4388.87, stdev=69.83, samples=599
  lat (usec)   : 250=96.27%, 500=3.61%, 750=0.03%, 1000=0.01%
  lat (msec)   : 2=0.03%, 4=0.03%, 10=0.03%
  cpu          : usr=0.93%, sys=1.52%, ctx=1315723, majf=0, minf=14
  IO depths    : 1=100.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     submit    : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     complete  : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
     issued rwts: total=0,1314929,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
     latency   : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=1
In this test output example, results show an average latency of 226 microseconds, where 99.5% of the writes terminated in 293 microseconds or less.
Test metadata performance
The test measures the rate of metadata operations (such as create, stat, delete) across the cluster. The test uses 20 million files: it uses 8 client hosts, and multiple threads per client are utilized (136), where each thread handles 18382 files. It is invoked 3 times and provides a summary of the iterations.
Job definition
mpiexec -f <hostfile> -np 1088 mdtest -v -N 136 -i 3 -n 18382 -F -u -d /mnt/weka/mdtest
Test output example
SUMMARY rate: (of 3 iterations)
   Operation                      Max            Min           Mean        Std Dev
   ---------                      ---            ---           ----        -------
   File creation     :      40784.448      40784.447      40784.448          0.001
   File stat         :    2352915.997    2352902.666    2352911.311          6.121
   File read         :     217236.252     217236.114     217236.162          0.064
   File removal      :      44101.905      44101.896      44101.902          0.004
   Tree creation     :          3.788          3.097          3.342          0.316
   Tree removal      :          1.192          1.142          1.172          0.022
Run all benchmark tests
If it is preferred to run all the tests sequentially and review the results afterward, follow the instructions below.
Preparation
From each client, create a mount point in /mnt/weka to a Weka filesystem and create there the following directories:
# create directories in the weka filesystem
mkdir /mnt/weka/fio
mkdir /mnt/weka/mdtest
Copy the FIOmaster.txt file to your host and create the clients.txt file with your clients' hostnames.
Run the benchmark
Run the benchmarks using the following commands:
# single client
fio FIOmaster.txt
​
# multiple clients
fio --client=clients.txt FIOmaster.txt
​
# mdtest
mpiexec -f clients.txt -np 1088 mdtest -v -N 136 -i 3 -n 18382 -F -u -d /mnt/weka/mdtest
FIOmaster.txt
2KB
Text
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Troubleshooting
Test environment details
Last modified 4mo ago
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Outline
About Weka performance tests
The FIO tool
MDTest
Weka client performance tests
Results summary
Test read throughput
Test write throughput
Test read IOPS
Test write IOPS
Test read latency
Test write latency
Test metadata performance
Run all benchmark tests
Preparation
Run the benchmark