WEKA performance tests
This page describes a series of tests for measuring performance after the installation of the WEKA system. The same tests can be used to test the performance of any other storage solution.
There are three main performance metrics when measuring a storage system's performance:
- 1.Latency, which is the time from operation initiation to completion
- 2.The number of different IO operations (read/write/metadata) that the system can process concurrently
- 3.The bandwidth of data that the system can process concurrently
Each performance metric applies to read operations, write operations, or a mixture of read and write operations.
When measuring the WEKA system performance, different mount modes produce different performance characteristics. Additionally, client network configuration (using user-space DPDK networking or kernel UDP) significantly affects performance.
All performance tests listed here are generic and not specific to the WEKA system. They can be used to compare the WEKA storage system to other storage systems or a local storage device.
There is a difference between single-client performance to aggregated performance. When running the tests listed below from one client, the client will limit the test's performance. In general, several clients will be required to maximize the performance of a WEKA cluster.
All FIO testing is done using the client/server capabilities of FIO. This makes multiple-client testing easier since FIO reports aggregated results for all clients under the test. Single-client tests are run the same way to keep the results consistent.
Start the FIO server on every one of the clients:
fio --server --daemonize=/tmp/fio.pid
Run the test command from one of the clients, note, the clients need to be mounted to a WEKA filesystem.
An example of launching a test (
sometest) on all clients in a file (clients.txt) using the server/client model:fio --client=clients.txt sometest.txt
An example for the clients' file, when running multiple clients:
clients.txt
weka-client-01
weka-client-02
weka-client-03
weka-client-04
weka-client-05
weka-client-06
weka-client-07
weka-client-08
An example of aggregated test results:
All clients: (groupid=0, jobs=16): err= 0: pid=0: Wed Jun 3 22:10:46 2020
read: IOPS=30.1k, BW=29.4Gi (31.6G)(8822GiB/300044msec)
slat (nsec): min=0, max=228000, avg=6308.42, stdev=4988.75
clat (usec): min=1132, max=406048, avg=16982.89, stdev=27664.80
lat (usec): min=1147, max=406051, avg=16989.20, stdev=27664.25
bw ( MiB/s): min= 3576, max=123124, per=93.95%, avg=28284.95, stdev=42.13, samples=287520
iops : min= 3576, max=123124, avg=28284.82, stdev=42.13, samples=287520
lat (msec) : 2=6.64%, 4=56.55%, 10=8.14%, 20=4.42%, 50=13.81%
lat (msec) : 100=7.01%, 250=3.44%, 500=0.01%
cpu : usr=0.11%, sys=0.09%, ctx=9039177, majf=0, minf=8088
IO depths : 1=100.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
submit : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
complete : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
issued rwts: total=9033447,0,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
The single-client or aggregated tests differ in the clients participating in the test, as defined in the
clients.txt.MDTest is a generic open-source metadata performance testing tool. In this documentation, the usage of version 1.9.3 is assumed.
MDTest uses an MPI framework to coordinate the job across multiple nodes. The results presented here were generated using the MPICH version 3.3.2 and can be defined as described here. While it's possible to have variations with different MPI versions, most are based on the same ROMIO and will perform similarly.
Overall, the tests contained on this page are designed to show off the sustainable peak performance of the filesystem. Care has been taken to make sure they are realistic and reproducible.
Where possible, the benchmarks try to negate the effects of caching. For file testing,
o_direct calls are used to bypass the client's cache. In the case of metadata testing, each phase of testing uses different clients. Also, between each test, the Linux caches are flushed to ensure all data being accessed is not present in the cache. While applications will often take advantage of cached data and metadata, this testing focuses on the filesystem's ability to deliver data independent of caching on the client.While we provide below the output of one iteration, we ran each test several times and provided the average results in the following results summary.
Benchmark | AWS | SuperMicro |
|---|---|---|
Read Throughput | 8.9 GiB/s | 21.4 GiB/s |
Write Throughput | 9.4 GiB/s | 17.2 GiB/s |
Read IOPS | 393,333 ops/s | 563,667 ops/s |
Write IOPS | 302,333 ops/s | 378,667 ops/s |
Read Latency | 272 µs avg. 99.5% completed under 459 µs | 144.76 µs avg. 99.5% completed under 260 µs |
Write Latency | 298 µs avg. 99.5% completed under 432 µs | 107.12 µs avg. 99.5% completed under 142 µs |
Benchmark | ||
Read Throughput | 36.2 GiB/s | 123 GiB/s |
Write Throughput | 11.6 GiB/s | 37.6 GiB/s |
Read IOPS | 1,978,330 ops/s | 4,346,330 ops/s |
Write IOPS | 404,670 ops/s | 1,317,000 ops/s |
Creates | 79,599 ops/s | 234,472 ops/s |
Stats | 1,930,721 ops/s | 3,257,394 ops/s |
Deletes | 117,644 ops/s | 361,755 ops/s |
If the client uses a 100 Gbps NIC or above, mounting the WEKA filesystem with more than one core is required to maximize client throughput.
This test measures the client throughput for large (1MB) reads. The job below tries to maximize the read throughput from a single client. The test utilizes multiple threads, each one performing 1 MB reads.
read_throughput.txt
[global]
filesize=128G
time_based=1
numjobs=32
startdelay=5
exitall_on_error=1
create_serialize=0
filename_format=$jobnum/$filenum/bw.$jobnum.$filenum
directory=/mnt/weka/fio
group_reporting=1
clocksource=gettimeofday
runtime=300
ioengine=posixaio
disk_util=0
iodepth=1
[read_throughput]
bs=1m
rw=read
direct=1
new_group
read_throughput: (groupid=0, jobs=32): err= 0: pid=70956: Wed Jul 8 13:27:48 2020
read: IOPS=9167, BW=9167MiB/s (9613MB/s)(2686GiB/300004msec)
slat (nsec): min=0, max=409000, avg=3882.55, stdev=3631.79
clat (usec): min=999, max=14947, avg=3482.93, stdev=991.25
lat (usec): min=1002, max=14949, avg=3486.81, stdev=991.16
clat percentiles (usec):
| 1.00th=[ 1795], 5.00th=[ 2147], 10.00th=[ 2376], 20.00th=[ 2671],
| 30.00th=[ 2900], 40.00th=[ 3130], 50.00th=[ 3359], 60.00th=[ 3589],
| 70.00th=[ 3851], 80.00th=[ 4178], 90.00th=[ 4752], 95.00th=[ 5342],
| 99.00th=[ 6521], 99.50th=[ 7046], 99.90th=[ 8160], 99.95th=[ 8717],
| 99.99th=[ 9896]
bw ( MiB/s): min= 7942, max=10412, per=100.00%, avg=9179.14, stdev=12.41, samples=19168
iops : min= 7942, max=10412, avg=9179.14, stdev=12.41, samples=19168
lat (usec) : 1000=0.01%
lat (msec) : 2=2.76%, 4=72.16%, 10=25.07%, 20=0.01%
cpu : usr=0.55%, sys=0.34%, ctx=2751410, majf=0, minf=490
IO depths : 1=100.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
submit : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
complete : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
issued rwts: total=2750270,0,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
latency : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=1
In this test output example, results show a bandwidth of 8.95 GiB/s from a single client.
This test measures the client throughput for large (1MB) writes. The job below tries to maximize the write throughput from a single client. The test utilizes multiple threads, each one performing 1MB writes.
write_throughput.txt
[global]
filesize=128G
time_based=1
numjobs=32
startdelay=5
exitall_on_error=1
create_serialize=0
filename_format=$jobnum/$filenum/bw.$jobnum.$filenum
directory=/mnt/weka/fio
group_reporting=1
clocksource=gettimeofday
runtime=300
ioengine=posixaio
disk_util=0
iodepth=1
[write_throughput]
bs=1m
rw=write
direct=1
new_group
write_throughput: (groupid=0, jobs=32): err= 0: pid=71903: Wed Jul 8 13:43:15 2020
write: IOPS=7034, BW=7035MiB/s (7377MB/s)(2061GiB/300005msec); 0 zone resets
slat (usec): min=12, max=261, avg=39.22, stdev=12.92
clat (usec): min=2248, max=20882, avg=4505.62, stdev=1181.45
lat (usec): min=2318, max=20951, avg=4544.84, stdev=1184.64
clat percentiles (usec):
| 1.00th=[ 2769], 5.00th=[ 2999], 10.00th=[ 3163], 20.00th=[ 3458],
| 30.00th=[ 3752], 40.00th=[ 4047], 50.00th=[ 4359], 60.00th=[ 4686],
| 70.00th=[ 5014], 80.00th=[ 5407], 90.00th=[ 5997], 95.00th=[ 6587],
| 99.00th=[ 8160], 99.50th=[ 8979], 99.90th=[10945], 99.95th=[12125],
| 99.99th=[14746]
bw ( MiB/s): min= 5908, max= 7858, per=100.00%, avg=7043.58, stdev= 9.37, samples=19168
iops : min= 5908, max= 7858, avg=7043.58, stdev= 9.37, samples=19168
lat (msec) : 4=38.87%, 10=60.90%, 20=0.22%, 50=0.01%
cpu : usr=1.34%, sys=0.15%, ctx=2114914, majf=0, minf=473
IO depths : 1=100.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
submit : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
complete : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
issued rwts: total=0,2110493,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
latency : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=1
In this test output example, results show a bandwidth of 6.87 GiB/s.
This test measures the ability of the client to deliver concurrent 4KB reads. The job below tries to maximize the system read IOPS from a single client. The test utilizes multiple threads, each one performing 4KB reads.
read_iops.txt
[global]
filesize=4G
time_based=1
numjobs=192
startdelay=5
exitall_on_error=1
create_serialize=0
filename_format=$jobnum/$filenum/iops.$jobnum.$filenum
directory=/mnt/weka/fio
group_reporting=1
clocksource=gettimeofday
runtime=300
ioengine=posixaio
disk_util=0
iodepth=1
[read_iops]
bs=4k
rw=randread
direct=1
new_group
read_iops: (groupid=0, jobs=192): err= 0: pid=66528: Wed Jul 8 12:30:38 2020
read: IOPS=390k, BW=1525MiB/s (1599MB/s)(447GiB/300002msec)
slat (nsec): min=0, max=392000, avg=3512.56, stdev=2950.62
clat (usec): min=213, max=15496, avg=486.61, stdev=80.30
lat (usec): min=215, max=15505, avg=490.12, stdev=80.47
clat percentiles (usec):
| 1.00th=[ 338], 5.00th=[ 375], 10.00th=[ 400], 20.00th=[ 424],
| 30.00th=[ 445], 40.00th=[ 465], 50.00th=[ 482], 60.00th=[ 498],
| 70.00th=[ 519], 80.00th=[ 545], 90.00th=[ 586], 95.00th=[ 619],
| 99.00th=[ 685], 99.50th=[ 717], 99.90th=[ 783], 99.95th=[ 816],
| 99.99th=[ 1106]
bw ( MiB/s): min= 1458, max= 1641, per=100.00%, avg=1525.52, stdev= 0.16, samples=114816
iops : min=373471, max=420192, avg=390494.54, stdev=40.47, samples=114816
lat (usec) : 250=0.01%, 500=60.20%, 750=39.60%, 1000=0.19%
lat (msec) : 2=0.01%, 4=0.01%, 10=0.01%, 20=0.01%
cpu : usr=1.24%, sys=1.52%, ctx=117366459, majf=0, minf=3051
IO depths : 1=100.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
submit : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
complete : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
issued rwts: total=117088775,0,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
latency : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=1
In this test output example, results show 390,494 IOPS from a single client.
This test measures the ability of the client to deliver concurrent 4KB writes. The job below tries to maximize the system write IOPS from a single client. The test utilizes multiple threads, each one performing 4KB writes.
write_iops.txt
[global]
filesize=4G
time_based=1
numjobs=192
startdelay=5
exitall_on_error=1
create_serialize=0
filename_format=$jobnum/$filenum/iops.$jobnum.$filenum
directory=/mnt/weka/fio
group_reporting=1
clocksource=gettimeofday
runtime=300
ioengine=posixaio
disk_util=0
iodepth=1
[write_iops]
bs=4k
rw=randwrite
direct=1
new_group
write_iops: (groupid=0, jobs=192): err= 0: pid=72163: Wed Jul 8 13:48:24 2020
write: IOPS=288k, BW=1125MiB/s (1180MB/s)(330GiB/300003msec); 0 zone resets
slat (nsec): min=0, max=2591.0k, avg=5030.10, stdev=4141.48
clat (usec): min=219, max=17801, avg=659.20, stdev=213.57
lat (usec): min=220, max=17803, avg=664.23, stdev=213.72
clat percentiles (usec):
| 1.00th=[ 396], 5.00th=[ 441], 10.00th=[ 474], 20.00th=[ 515],
| 30.00th=[ 553], 40.00th=[ 594], 50.00th=[ 627], 60.00th=[ 668],
| 70.00th=[ 701], 80.00th=[ 750], 90.00th=[ 840], 95.00th=[ 971],
| 99.00th=[ 1450], 99.50th=[ 1614], 99.90th=[ 2409], 99.95th=[ 3490],
| 99.99th=[ 4359]
bw ( MiB/s): min= 1056, max= 1224, per=100.00%, avg=1125.96, stdev= 0.16, samples=114816
iops : min=270390, max=313477, avg=288215.11, stdev=40.70, samples=114816
lat (usec) : 250=0.01%, 500=15.96%, 750=63.43%, 1000=16.05%
lat (msec) : 2=4.41%, 4=0.14%, 10=0.02%, 20=0.01%
cpu : usr=1.21%, sys=1.49%, ctx=86954124, majf=0, minf=3055
IO depths : 1=100.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
submit : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
complete : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
issued rwts: total=0,86398871,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
latency : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=1
In this test output example, results show 288,215 IOPS from a single client.
This test measures the minimal achievable read latency under a light load. The test measures the latency over a single-threaded sequence of 4KB reads across multiple files. Each read is executed only after the previous read has been served.
read_latency.txt
[global]
filesize=4G
time_based=1
startdelay=5
exitall_on_error=1
create_serialize=0
filename_format=$jobnum/$filenum/iops.$jobnum.$filenum
directory=/mnt/weka/fio
group_reporting=1
clocksource=gettimeofday
runtime=300
ioengine=posixaio
disk_util=0
iodepth=1
[read_latency]
numjobs=1
bs=4k
rw=randread
direct=1
new_group
read_latency: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=71741: Wed Jul 8 13:38:06 2020
read: IOPS=4318, BW=16.9MiB/s (17.7MB/s)(5061MiB/300001msec)
slat (nsec): min=0, max=53000, avg=1923.23, stdev=539.64
clat (usec): min=160, max=1743, avg=229.09, stdev=44.80
lat (usec): min=162, max=1746, avg=231.01, stdev=44.80
clat percentiles (usec):
| 1.00th=[ 174], 5.00th=[ 180], 10.00th=[ 182], 20.00th=[ 188],
| 30.00th=[ 190], 40.00th=[ 196], 50.00th=[ 233], 60.00th=[ 245],
| 70.00th=[ 255], 80.00th=[ 269], 90.00th=[ 289], 95.00th=[ 318],
| 99.00th=[ 330], 99.50th=[ 334], 99.90th=[ 355], 99.95th=[ 437],
| 99.99th=[ 529]
bw ( KiB/s): min=16280, max=17672, per=100.00%, avg=17299.11, stdev=195.37, samples=599
iops : min= 4070, max= 4418, avg=4324.78, stdev=48.84, samples=599
lat (usec) : 250=66.18%, 500=33.80%, 750=0.02%, 1000=0.01%
lat (msec) : 2=0.01%
cpu : usr=0.95%, sys=1.44%, ctx=1295670, majf=0, minf=13
IO depths : 1=100.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
submit : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
complete : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
issued rwts: total=1295643,0,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
latency : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=1
In this test output example, results show an average latency of 229 microseconds, where 99.5% of the writes terminated in 334 microseconds or less.
This test measures the minimal achievable write latency under a light load. The test measures the latency over a single-threaded sequence of 4KB writes across multiple files. Each write is executed only after the previous write has been served.
write_latency.txt
[global]
filesize=4G
time_based=1
startdelay=5
exitall_on_error=1
create_serialize=0
filename_format=$jobnum/$filenum/iops.$jobnum.$filenum
directory=/mnt/weka/fio
group_reporting=1
clocksource=gettimeofday
runtime=300
ioengine=posixaio
disk_util=0
iodepth=1
[write_latency]
numjobs=1
bs=4k
rw=randwrite
direct=1
new_group
write_latency: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=72709: Wed Jul 8 13:53:33 2020
write: IOPS=4383, BW=17.1MiB/s (17.0MB/s)(5136MiB/300001msec); 0 zone resets
slat (nsec): min=0, max=56000, avg=1382.96, stdev=653.78
clat (usec): min=195, max=9765, avg=226.21, stdev=109.45
lat (usec): min=197, max=9766, avg=227.59, stdev=109.46
clat percentiles (usec):
| 1.00th=[ 208], 5.00th=[ 212], 10.00th=[ 215], 20.00th=[ 217],
| 30.00th=[ 219], 40.00th=[ 219], 50.00th=[ 221], 60.00th=[ 223],
| 70.00th=[ 225], 80.00th=[ 229], 90.00th=[ 233], 95.00th=[ 243],
| 99.00th=[ 269], 99.50th=[ 293], 99.90th=[ 725], 99.95th=[ 2540],
| 99.99th=[ 6063]
bw ( KiB/s): min=16680, max=18000, per=100.00%, avg=17555.48, stdev=279.31, samples=599
iops : min= 4170, max= 4500, avg=4388.87, stdev=69.83, samples=599
lat (usec) : 250=96.27%, 500=3.61%, 750=0.03%, 1000=0.01%
lat (msec) : 2=0.03%, 4=0.03%, 10=0.03%
cpu : usr=0.93%, sys=1.52%, ctx=1315723, majf=0, minf=14
IO depths : 1=100.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
submit : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
complete : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
issued rwts: total=0,1314929,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
latency : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=1
In this test output example, results show an average latency of 226 microseconds, where 99.5% of the writes terminated in 293 microseconds or less.
The test measures the rate of metadata operations (such as create, stat, delete) across the cluster. The test uses 20 million files: it uses 8 clients, and multiple threads per client are utilized (136), where each thread handles 18382 files. It is invoked 3 times and provides a summary of the iterations.
mpiexec -f <hostfile> -np 1088 mdtest -v -N 136 -i 3 -n 18382 -F -u -d /mnt/weka/mdtest
SUMMARY rate: (of 3 iterations)
Operation Max Min Mean Std Dev
--------- --- --- ---- -------
File creation : 40784.448 40784.447 40784.448 0.001
File stat : 2352915.997 2352902.666 2352911.311 6.121
File read : 217236.252 217236.114 217236.162 0.064
File removal : 44101.905 44101.896 44101.902 0.004
Tree creation : 3.788 3.097 3.342 0.316
Tree removal : 1.192 1.142 1.172 0.022
If it is preferred to run all the tests sequentially and review the results afterward, follow the instructions below.
From each client, create a mount point in
/mnt/weka to a Weka filesystem and create there the following directories:# create directories in the weka filesystem
mkdir /mnt/weka/fio
mkdir /mnt/weka/mdtest
Copy the
FIOmaster.txt file to your server and create the clients.txt file with your clients' hostnames.Run the benchmarks using the following commands:
# single client
fio FIOmaster.txt
# multiple clients
fio --client=clients.txt FIOmaster.txt
# mdtest
mpiexec -f clients.txt -np 1088 mdtest -v -N 136 -i 3 -n 18382 -F -u -d /mnt/weka/mdtest
FIOmaster.txt
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